Hi Nils,
you can add custom CSS via the “contentCss” attribute in a custom ckeditor configuration yaml file which you have to create.
editor:
config:
contentsCss: ["EXT:yourExtension/yourPath/Css/ckeditor.css"]
How to create and configure your own configuration File is explained here:
https://docs.typo3.org/c/typo3/cms-rte-ckeditor/master/en-us/Configuration/QuickStart.html
If you dont have your very own config for the ckeditor, be sure to import the existing default config from the ckeditor to your config file.